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Nicotine, a highly addictive substance found in tobacco products, is responsible for a multitude of health issues, including several...

Hallucinogens are a class of psychoactive substances known for their capacity to alter perception, thoughts, and feelings, often inducing...

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances in the world, commonly found in coffee, tea, energy drinks, and...

Synthetic cathinones, often referred to as "bath salts," are a class of synthetic drugs that have gained notoriety for their...

Synthetic cathinones, commonly known as "bath salts," are a family of synthetic drugs designed to mimic the effects of amphetamines and...

Amphetamines are a class of powerful stimulant drugs that are prescribed for medical conditions like attention-deficit/hyperactivity...

Cocaine, a potent stimulant derived from coca plants, is known for its intense, short-lived euphoric effects. While its recreational use...

Sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic medications, collectively referred to as sedative-hypnotics, are prescribed to alleviate anxiety,...

Opioids, a class of powerful pain-relieving drugs, have become a double-edged sword in the world of medicine and substance abuse. While...

Synthetic cannabinoids, often referred to as "spice" or "K2," represent a growing concern in the realm of substance abuse. These...

Cannabis, also known as marijuana, has been used for both recreational and medicinal purposes for centuries. In recent years, changes in...

Alcohol, a widely consumed psychoactive substance, has both pleasurable and adverse effects on the human brain and body. While moderate...

Jet lag isn't just a condition experienced by frequent travelers; it can also affect individuals who work irregular shifts, disrupting...

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorder (CRSWD) caused by irregular work shifts is a common issue for people who work outside the...

Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24) is a rare circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by a misalignment between an...

Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by fragmented and inconsistent sleep patterns....

Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder (ASPD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by an individual's tendency to fall asleep and...

Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by a persistent misalignment between an...

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are a group of conditions that disrupt the natural sleep-wake cycle, affecting an individual's ability...

Hypnopompic hallucinations are a fascinating and sometimes bewildering phenomenon that occurs as we transition from sleep to wakefulness....